The head of state is other than the chief, and symbolically enacts laws and acts as representative of the nation. Examples embrace the President of Germany , the Queen of the United Kingdom , and the President of Austria . The different essential mannequin is the presidential system, found in the United States and in Brazil.
Definitions of law typically increase the question of the extent to which law incorporates morality. John Austin’s utilitarian answer was that law is “instructions, backed by threat of sanctions, from a sovereign, to whom people have a habit of obedience”. Natural lawyers on the opposite side, corresponding to Jean-Jacques Rousseau, argue that law reflects primarily ethical and unchangeable laws of nature. The concept of “pure law” emerged in historical Greek philosophy concurrently and in connection with the notion of justice, and re-entered the mainstream of Western tradition through the writings of Thomas Aquinas, notably …
